The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Historically, cytotoxic chemotherapy was the primary treatment. Many advances have been made in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the past decade, including improved targeted therapies and the development of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as the primary immunotherapy in NSCLC and have changed the treatment paradigm for advanced disease. These agents are also starting to be utilized in earlier stages of lung cancer. We review the mechanism of action and utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of locally advanced and advanced NSCLC.